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Mechanical surface mining methods Includes: (Adapted from Yamatomi and Okubo, 2009 Hartman, 2002 and Sharma, 2011).

The primary differences between these mining methods are the location of the ore body and the mode of mechanical extraction. Traditional surface mining can be classified into two groups on the basis of the method of extraction: Mechanical extraction or aqueous extraction. While an opening may sometimes be constructed below the surface and limited underground development may occasionally be required, this type of mining is essentially surface-based. The subsurface of the earth is the only source for fossil energy and mineral products, and mining is the only way to get at them (Adapted from Ramani, 2012).Įxtraction of mineral or energy resources by operations exclusively involving personnel working on the surface without provision of manned underground operations is referred to as surface mining.

Over 30 billion tonnes of ore and waste materials that are mined each year and surface mining accounts for nearly 25 billion tonnes. Approximately, more than 90% of all non-metallic minerals and metallic minerals and more than 60% of coal are mined by surface methods. Surface mining is the predominant exploitation procedure worldwide.